In few cases where the shape of the Cu particle is not spherical, carbon nanoonions are detected between the C-shell and the Cu core. The propagation of the hot particles in the liquid results in the local evaporation of this liquid, which leads to the formation of a C-shell around each Cu particle. When the plasma hits the electrode surface, hot (thousands of Kelvin) Cu particles are ejected from the electrode, and they propagate in the liquid. Based on the obtained experimental results, it is proposed that the Cu nanoparticles are produced in the plasma core where Cu (evaporated from the electrode surface) and carbonaceous species (decomposition of the liquid) are present. Indeed, discharges in heptane lead to Cu particles with diameters of 2-6 nm embedded in a carbon matrix of low graphitization degree, while discharges in toluene result in particles with diameters of 2-14 nm embedded in carbon matrix of high graphitization degree.
The obtained results indicate that the size distribution of the Cu nanoparticles and the degree of graphitization of the carbon matrix depend on the liquid. We report synthesis of a novel core-shell silica based antimicrobial nanoparticles where the silica shell has been engineered to accommodate copper (Cu). Overall, two families of particles were observed: Cu particles (diameter < 10 nm) embedded in a carbon matrix and submicrometric Cu particles encapsulated in a carbon shell. The synthesized particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction. High resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that copper particles with a diameter of 77 nm are conformally surrounded by a 5 nm thick layer of copper formate, which prevents. In this study, copper-carbon particles were synthesized by generating spark discharges between two Cu electrodes immersed in heptane, cyclohexane, or toluene. The formation of the coreshell nanoparticles was achieved via surface reaction induced by the injection of formic acid on the preformed core particles. Spark discharge in hydrocarbon liquids is considered a promising method for the synthesis of various nanomaterials, including nanocomposites.
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